Category: building student engagement

Tired of Awkward Silences? Upgrade your Think-Pair-Share – Faculty Focus

I’ve tried a few different techniques for class discussions over the years, some that I’ve written about previously in Faculty Focus. In recent years, I’ve dialed in a 3-step process for discussion in my face-to-face classes, which has helped me create an engaged classroom climate. It’s Think-Pair-Share (TPS), with some upgrades.

I refined my TPS process after attending Jeremy Rentz’s workshop “Put Your Hammer Down” (detailed in the Best of the 2021 Teaching Professor Conference). His key idea was “The person doing the learning is the person doing the work.” I thought about how to get my students to do more “work” in my large lecture-based classes. Although I knew the active learning benefits of a technique like TPS, I struggled to implement it well. There were often too many awkward silences for TPS to be as engaging as I would have liked. After Jeremy’s workshop, I made some upgrades to TPS that invigorated it for students and for me.

Step #1: Think
Upgrade: Discussion Bubbles

Instead of posing my discussion question after I’ve covered the content on my slide, I now put the question in a Discussion Bubble next to the content. Prior to implementing this, I would review the slide and then pose my question, either a specific one, or something general like “anyone have anything to add?” Then there would be the awkward silence while students think, and I would try to be chill. Having a Discussion Bubble primes students to think and be ready to share (in small or large groups) once I’m done reviewing the slide. It not only decreases the awkwardness (which seems to feed off itself), but it also increases small and large group discussion participation.

Sometimes these discussion bubbles include a polling question that I use to record and display students’ opinions (e.g., Do you prefer a, b, or c?). Students can then see that they are not alone in their views and are more confident to share their perspectives in Steps 2 and 3.

Step #2: Pair
Upgrade: 1-Minute Timer

I give students one minute to talk with classmates about their thoughts on the discussion bubble or their answer to the polling question. On the very first day, I tell students that I will use my watch to set a 1-minute timer and that we’ll have a few of these in every class. I believe that these short, reliable segments help students feel safe and avoid too-lengthy, awkward small-talk. At the end of the one-minute paired discussion, I don’t check to see if they need more time as I have large classes, and the level of discussion is variable. In recent course surveys (classes of 90-175 students), about 70% of students wanted to keep these 1-minute discussions and only 13% wanted to change them (some were undecided). Further, about 44% of students agreed that these 1-minute discussions helped them feel more connected to their classmates (42% had mixed or neutral feelings) and 63% said they were comfortable sharing in class. So, it’s not perfect for everyone, but it’s benefiting many students. Also, I don’t have students pair off every time that I have a discussion bubble—sometimes I skip Step 2 and go straight to Step 3.

After Step 1 and maybe 2, I incentivize large group discussion with an extra credit point for sharing aloud. I’ve written previously about my Fired-Up and Ready to Discuss process, which involves giving students up to 1 point each class (and 3-5 points total for the semester) for sharing aloud. I have undergraduate teaching assistants present and poised to enter the student’s point into the gradebook as soon as they say their name and share (and if they forget, they can find the teaching assistants after class). It’s an immediate reward that encourages sharing in a large class. Only about ½ of students in my large classes share aloud and earn Fired-up Points, but in a class of 100 students, getting 50 to talk aloud is enough to create an engaging classroom climate. In recent surveys, 70% of the students want to keep Fired Up (and only about 10% want to change it).

This upgraded TPS not only helps students “do the work,” but it also makes for a fun and engaging class. It gives my lectures a predicable rhythm that creates psychological safety for student engagement. It also helps me stay confident and relaxed, which isomorphically encourages students to relax and take the risk to share their thoughts.

Dr. Ashley Harvey is a professor in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Colorado State University (CSU). Since 2007, she has taught more than 10,000 students across 15 different courses in over 150 undergraduate and graduate sections. Dr. Harvey has spoken at TEDx, is a licensed marriage and family therapist, and earlier in her career worked at the CSU Veterinary Teaching Hospital as a grief counselor and educator.

References

Harvey, Ashley. “An activity that promotes engagement with required readings, even in large classes.” Faculty Focus. February 2017. https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/effective-teaching-strategies/activity-promotes-engagement-required-readings-even-large-classes/

Harvey, Ashley. “Fired up and ready to discuss.” Faculty Focus. February 2020. https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/effective-classroom-management/fired-up-and-ready-to-discuss/

Rentz, Jeremy. “Put the hammer down and build your teaching toolbox.” The Best of the 2021 Teaching Professor Conference. October 2021. https://www.magnapubs.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/free-report-Best-of-TPC-2021-opt.pdf

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March 10, 2025
Increasing Classroom Engagement – Faculty Focus
In undergraduate classrooms, instructors encounter a variety of students with diverse backgrounds and different personalities. Since discussion-based learning, both in-person and virtual, remains important, teachers should find ways to encourage student engagement in classroom activities and discussions. Student engagement is also critical to the success of students who are more self-directed and specialized, as it allows them to dive deeper into course material within their specialized areas of interest.

When more students are engaged, class conversations become richer, enhancing student learning. For instance, introverted students may have strong opinions and much to contribute but may hesitate to share during class. Students, whether introverted or not, might feel uncomfortable or uninterested in joining group discussions for various reasons. It is the instructor’s challenge to create a comfortable class environment. Not only will students benefit, but instructors can feel more at ease in their own classrooms.

Genuine connections between students are based on trust, which can be encouraged in several ways. Trust-building connections are fostered in an environment with instructor presence and constructive feedback. Students benefit from instructor buy-in, effort, and intention.

To boost classroom interaction and active participation, instructors can include proven strategies in their “teaching toolkit” to foster empathetic connections among their students. Here are some suggestions for your consideration:
- Outline course guidelines clearly. Students need to understand what is expected of them in your course. If class participation standards are set from the beginning—with appropriate explanations regarding “why”—student buy-in should increase. After students understand course expectations, instructors should make every effort to give students timely and constructive feedback. Doing so keeps students accountable and reinforces the course guidelines.
- Model reflective listening. When students participate in a class discussion, instructors should make eye contact, give full attention, and provide visual cues to show understanding. Taking a moment to paraphrase or ask clarifying questions shows engagement and listening on the instructor’s part.
- Encourage reflective listening. Help reduce distractions when students speak. Invite students to validate each other’s responses. Brief instructor participation when students are having group discussions and modeling behavior you seek to encourage can go a long way.
- Praise appropriately. Offer brief, genuine praise when students reflectively listen to each other and provide gentle reminders when appropriate.
- Creatively introduce group discussions. Mix things up. Consider having students draw questions from a hat for discussion or assign a different group member to lead the discussion for each question. You may wish to time discussions or set goals so student groups stay focused and on task.
- Use a variety of classroom activities, but don’t overdo it. Include a group discussion or short activity during every class period. Recognize that classroom activities are like seasoning on food—a little is great, but too much can be overwhelming. Classroom activities should drive home the purpose of the course material being covered. In-class activities can break up what may be perceived as monotony by students.
- Encourage students to interact with new classmates. Student groups should rotate frequently to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to interact with different individuals. You may wish to randomly assign groups to mix students up.
- Invite alternative views. Be sensitive to different perspectives and alternate points of view. Help students recognize that conflicts can be resolved without contention. Students don’t have to agree on a particular topic or point of view, but they do need to show respect to others. To help students and teachers better understand the importance of respecting different perspectives, share a mantra with your students, such as: “Seek to understand before seeking to be understood” to emphasize the value of listening and understanding others’ viewpoints before expressing one’s own views to foster a more respectful and open-minded classroom environment.
- Use peer feedback grading. Learning to give constructive feedback is a skill students can learn with practice. Prompting from the instructor can go a long way when it comes to feedback. Making suggestions such as having students include pros and cons or commenting only on things that are in the student’s control may be helpful.
- Share stories. Who doesn’t enjoy an interesting and relevant story? Stories help students remember information in a fun way. Collect stories that illustrate key principles and important points you’re trying to teach. Stories are relatable and can put listeners at ease.
- Encourage students to share their own stories. Classrooms consist of diverse individuals with a multitude of different stories and perspectives. Sharing stories is an excellent way for students to learn more about the worldviews of others.
- Use appropriate humor. Laughter creates connection. Including tasteful humor in activities and discussions can improve student buy-in and retention. An easy place to start could be to include a joke or riddle-of-the-week for your class to contemplate.
- Invite student feedback. Make course consistency and fairness a priority. Students need to feel they are valuable and their opinions matter. After receiving excellent feedback, instructors should seriously consider making appropriate changes.
Recognize that potential pitfalls can also accompany increased student engagement. Classroom challenges may include:
- Uneven participation or nonparticipation. Some students may attempt to dominate activities and discussions. In any group, some individuals will always be more talkative while others will be quieter.
- Inconsistent results. No two student groups are ever the same. What works in one class may fail spectacularly in another. Stay flexible and be ready to move on if something isn’t working.
- Time management. Activities may take longer than anticipated, so be conscious of the clock. Setting a timer can be helpful to keep everyone on task.
- Student conflicts. Disagreements can lead to conflict, so it’s important to foster a culture of classroom respect to minimize conflict and prevent personal attacks.
- Overwhelmed introverts. Some students may feel uncomfortable speaking and participating in group activities, but be patient and gently encourage their involvement.
- Increased preparation time. Successful activities often need advance planning and materials, so keeping a list of activity and discussion ideas can help avoid last-minute scrambling.
While practice doesn’t necessarily make perfect, expect to have some less-than-perfect experiences as you adjust your teaching style to incorporate some of these techniques. Keep what works—jettison the rest. With forethought and practice, you can make your classrooms more open and inviting to your students.

Dr. Allie Hamstead DC is an Assistant Professor of Clinical Sciences at Sherman College of Chiropractic. She specializes in perinatal and pediatric care. She graduated from the University of South Carolina in 2007 and Sherman College in 2012. She is a practicing chiropractor in Simpsonville, South Carolina and mother to four daughters.

Kenneth L. Alford is a professor of Church History and Doctrine at Brigham Young University and a Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired). He has authored/edited 13 books and over 200 articles.
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February 21, 2025
Motivational Force: Building a Foundation for Student Success – Faculty Focus

Eighteen students crammed themselves into a stuffy classroom assigned for my first-year seminar course on a sunny day in September. With desk tops touching and knapsacks piled high, we maneuvered through introductions and the kind of icebreakers that research indicates can strengthen learning outcomes. At one point, I asked these college newcomers to share academic and career aspirations. Their responses were a tribute to the dreams of young minds: future pediatric nurses, speech pathologists, and more than one veterinarian were gathered in our small, unassuming space.

These students appeared motivated to learn—a direct contrast to the disengagement narrative that permeates today’s education circles. But despite the enthusiasm, research points to a far more sobering reality: approximately half of all college students fail to graduate within six years of enrollment. Those rates can be even more perilous for certain cohorts, including recipients of Pell Grants, the federal financial aid awarded to undergraduate students demonstrating need.

Many of the students gathered in my classroom fit within this most vulnerable category and would likely face the types of hurdles that can diminish learning resolve. Academics demands coupled with the pull of daily life can negatively tip the balance of student outcomes, siphoning away student motivation, according to educational scholar Howard McClusky. His Theory of Margin framework likens student motivation to the calibration of “loads,” versus the counter force of resources, or what he refers to as “power.” Students with sufficient margin between these competing forces have the capacity to take on new challenges, including the hard work of learning; students with insufficient margin fall into overwhelm and have a higher rate of failure.

Determined to hold onto and even strengthen the learner motivation that was apparent on day one of my class, I was committed to the following motivational practices that could lessen the load and promote the type of power needed to make it to the finish line. Here’s what that looked like:

Community lies at the heart of successful student outcomes, so emphasizing the relational aspect of learning became a guiding principle for the class. Leveraging the energy of the first few weeks when enthusiasm is especially strong is an opportunity to forge group connections and cultivate peer-to-peer support. Research points to these informal bonds as a vital form of power, so beginning on the first day of class, my students were placed in groups determined by common areas of academic focus and career aspiration. To override reticence to working collaboratively, we spent class-time setting up What’s App groups and practicing the type of outreach and response that familiarized group members with the act of reaching out to one another.

Career Readiness has become a valued currency in today’s higher education sector, not only because it helps ease entry into the workforce but also serves to more deeply bind education with employment. Our class therefore included assignments requiring students to research their future fields. Using the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics website, students were able to deepen understanding of specific fields in terms of industry growth, income, and even entry requirements. Anchoring aspirations with real-world realities was an opportunity to guide students towards their stated goals in real and relevant ways which further enhanced their learning motivation.

Continual Reflection invites students into their learning journeys while also kick-starting metacognition, thereby contributing to learning motivation and success. The simple act of inviting students to think about their learning process can deepen engagement while helping to nudge knowledge acquisition into retention, the goal of good teaching. Reflection can be as simple as dedicating the last few minutes of class to having students write about what they learned and what they would like to revisit for better understanding. We undertook this exercise in almost every one of our 15 weeks. In addition, students captured their reflections via electronic portfolios that served as a permanent record of their progress.

Harnessing the drive and energy needed to maintain motivation over the course of a semester can present challenges, particularly in our post-pandemic years when factors of isolation, stamina, and access to optimal learning environments have taken their toll. We encountered many stumbling blocks over the course of the semester, but in the end each of my 18 students reached the finish line of the course. Countering learning head winds requires an understanding of the complex phenomenon of learner motivation and then committing to evidence informed practices that can maintain—even strengthen—the energy and drive to succeed. That can mean more work and effort in the classroom, but for instructors committed to student success, this is its own deeply satisfying motivational force.

Juli S. Charkes, EdD, has been a classroom instructor for the past 14 years, teaching organizational leadership, communications, and media studies at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. From 2021 to 2025, she directed the Center for Teaching and Learning at Mercy University, where she oversaw faculty development and strategy across 100 academic programs.

References

Ash, S. L., & Clayton, P. H. (2009). Generating, deepening, and documenting learning: The power of critical reflection in applied learning. Journal of Applied Learning in Higher Education, 1(1), 25-48.

Biney, I. K. (2022). McClusky’s Theory of Margin and its implications on adult learners in higher education institutions. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, 28(1), 98-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477971421989337

National Center for Education Statistics. (2022). Undergraduate Retention and Graduation Rates. Condition of Education. U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved May 31, 2022, from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/ctr.

Sasan, J. M. V., Tugbong, G. M., & Alistre, K. L. C. (2023). An exploration of icebreakers and their impact on student engagement in the classroom. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 3(11). https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/index.php/ijssr/article/view/566

Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books.

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February 17, 2025
Why Data Alone Won’t Improve Retention – Faculty Focus
Data has become the cornerstone of decision-making and institutional strategy in today’s higher education landscape. From tracking retention rates to measuring academic performance, data offers a clear, quantifiable view of how students and institutions are progressing. This reliance on numbers has driven many colleges to focus heavily on metrics in an effort to improve outcomes, streamline operations, and secure funding. However, while data provides valuable insights, it fails to capture the deeper, more personal factors influencing student success. The focus on numbers alone ignores relationships’ essential role in retention and persistence. Without considering the emotional and social aspects of a student’s educational journey, particularly the connections they build with faculty and peers, institutions risk overlooking the things that keep students engaged, motivated, and ultimately enrolled. Simply put, data is not enough. To truly support student success, we must move beyond the metrics and prioritize the human connections that make higher education meaningful.

Recent research underscores that while data is essential for tracking trends and setting benchmarks, relationships are the heartbeat of student success. As community colleges across the United States struggle with declining retention rates, it has become increasingly clear that institutional focus should not be limited to numbers alone. Instead, a holistic approach that prioritizes human connection is necessary to improve retention and academic persistence, particularly in community colleges, which serve a diverse population of non-traditional learners.

The Power of Human Connection in Education

While it is easy to get lost in numbers, community colleges must recognize that each data point represents an individual with unique needs, motivations, and challenges. Research has shown that students who feel connected to their college, especially through positive faculty-student relationships, are likelier to persist and succeed academically. Tinto’s Theory of Departure (1997) and Pascarella and Terenzini’s (2005) Influence Theory emphasize the importance of student-faculty interactions in fostering academic success. Students who experience strong, supportive relationships with faculty and staff are more likely to be retained, persist, and ultimately graduate.

Tinto (1997) and Pascarella and Terenzini’s (2005) theories support the idea that retention is not just about the data points we collect but also about the relational aspects that foster a sense of belonging. Students feel valued when the college community (not just faculty) takes the time to know their students, understand their struggles, and provide mentorship both in and outside the classroom. This emotional and psychological support can make all the difference in a student’s decision to stay in college, particularly for those in community colleges who may already juggle work, family obligations, and financial challenges.

Data Tells Only Part of the Story

Data provides a snapshot of institutional performance, but it often fails to capture the complexity of the student experience. While retention rates may point to the success or failure of a program or intervention, they do not provide the rich, qualitative insights needed to understand why students leave or stay. For instance, a student’s decision to withdraw from school is rarely based on a single factor that can be quantified, such as failing a class or missing a certain number of credits. There are often deeper issues at play, such as lack of engagement and support, personal struggles, or isolation.

In fact, studies have shown that the absence of relationships is a significant contributing factor to student departure. Students who don’t feel connected to their professors or college community are more likely to disengage and eventually drop out. On the other hand, when colleges invest in building personal connections with their students, whether through mentoring, frequent communication, or simple expressions of care, students are more likely to persist through difficult times.

Creating a Culture of Belonging

To truly foster student success, community colleges need to prioritize building a culture of belonging that extends beyond academic achievement. Faculty and staff should be encouraged to engage with students in meaningful ways that extend past classroom interactions. This could mean learning about a student’s goals and challenges, offering office hours for one-on-one consultations, or simply providing feedback on how a student is progressing—academically and personally.

Building student relationships requires intentionality and support from institutional leaders. Administrators must recognize that professional development programs should not solely focus on pedagogical techniques but also on the importance of relational skills. Equipping faculty and staff with the tools to build rapport with students, understand their diverse needs, and provide emotional support is as crucial as ensuring they effectively deliver instructional content.

Recommendations for Practice

While data is still essential, community colleges should balance it with creating solid student relationships. Providing opportunities for professional development in relational practices can improve student engagement and retention.
1. Foster Emotional Intelligence: Colleges should invest in developing emotional intelligence among faculty and staff. This includes empathy, active listening, and the ability to offer support during times of stress. These skills are vital for creating environments where students feel understood and valued.
1. Implement Holistic Student Support Services: Students need more than just academic support. Community colleges should expand their support services to include counseling, mentorship programs, and peer support networks. This can help students build relationships with faculty and peers, which can be a powerful motivator for retention.
1. Encourage Faculty-Student Engagement Outside the Classroom: Encouraging faculty to engage with students outside the classroom through office hours, mentoring programs, and informal interactions can significantly enhance student-faculty relationships and foster a sense of belonging.
1. Implement a Customer Service Model: This can significantly enhance student retention by prioritizing personalized, responsive support throughout their academic journey. By offering clear communication, accessible resources, and proactive outreach, institutions create an environment where students feel valued and supported.
Data alone will never provide the full picture of student success. While it can help track progress and identify trends, the key to improving retention rates and fostering student success lies in the relationships cultivated between students, faculty, and staff. By building a supportive, inclusive environment that prioritizes human connection, community colleges can improve retention rates and ensure their students are set up for long-term academic and personal success.

Ultimately, while the importance of data cannot be overlooked, the need for strong, positive relationships should be placed at the forefront of retention strategies. It is the relationships built within the classroom and beyond that truly make a lasting impact on students’ educational journeys.

Dr. Rebecca L. Conley is an accomplished educator and higher education leader, currently serving as the Dean of Teaching and Learning at Ivy Tech Community College. With over a decade of experience in academia, Dr. Conley specializes in fostering innovative teaching environments, promoting faculty development, and driving student success initiatives. She earned her Doctor of Education in Higher Education Leadership from the American College of Education and is recognized for her expertise in curriculum development, accreditation, and strategic planning. A passionate advocate for education, Dr. Conley combines her professional achievements with a commitment to community service and lifelong learning.

References

Pascarella, Ernest T., and Patrick T. Terenzini. 2005. “How College Affects Students: A Third Decade of Research.” San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Tinto, Vincent. 1997. “Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Cures of Student Attrition.” Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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January 20, 2025