Liberal arts education empowers individuals to become well-rounded to handle complexity, diversity, and change by providing broad knowledge of the world and in-depth study in a specific area. It fosters social responsibility, strong intellectual and practical skills, and the ability to think critically to apply knowledge in real-world settings, combining general education with specialized study (Barker, 2000). Today’s modern liberal education typically encompasses a general education curriculum that offers extensive learning across various multiple disciplines and perspectives, paired with focused study in a chosen major.
Liberal arts education has long been valued for its broad-based approach to learning, fostering critical thinking, creativity, and a well-rounded knowledge base. However, in an increasingly complex and interconnected world, there is a growing need to enhance this traditional model with innovative teaching methods (Barker, 2000). Systems thinking and learning-centered teaching are two such approaches that, when integrated, can significantly enrich the liberal arts educational experience (Forrester, 2016). Key learning outcomes from a Liberal Arts Curriculum include:
- A liberal arts curriculum fosters a comprehensive understanding of human cultures and the physical and natural world through diverse fields such as sciences, mathematics, social sciences, humanities, histories, languages, and the arts. This knowledge is deepened by engaging with significant, both contemporary and enduring, real-world problems.
- Additionally, it cultivates intellectual and practical skills, including inquiry and analysis, critical and creative thinking, written and oral communication, quantitative literacy, information literacy, teamwork, and problem-solving. These skills are honed extensively across the curriculum, within the context of increasingly challenging problems, projects, and performance standards.
Systems Thinking Principles and Framework for Liberal Arts Curriculum and Interdisciplinary Learning
Systems thinking is a powerful tool for promoting students’ holistic thinking, interdisciplinary learning, critical and creative thinking skills for problem solving (Meadows, 2008; Richmond, 1994, 2000). Systems thinking complements interdisciplinary learning. For example, environmental science applies systems thinking to study ecosystems and environmental sustainability, integrating ecological, economic, and social dimensions to address environmental challenges holistically. Economics utilizes systemic relationships and feedback loops in its models to analyse market dynamics, resource allocation, and the impact of economic policies on various sectors. Sociology examines social systems through their structures, functions, and interactions, using systems thinking to understand societal issues like inequality, social change, and community dynamics. This synergy between systems thinking and liberal arts curriculum enhances students’ learning and ability to:
- Identify Patterns and Relationships: Systems thinking helps students recognize patterns and relationships across disciplines, fostering a deeper understanding of how various factors interact within a system.
- Develop Holistic Solutions: By considering the broader context, students can develop more holistic and sustainable solutions to complex problems.
- Enhance Critical Thinking: Systems thinking encourages critical analysis and the ability to see beyond surface-level issues, promoting a more nuanced and informed approach to problem-solving.
For this it is essential to introduce the concepts and principles of systems thinking (Figure 1). It is essential for students to learn a variety of systems thinking concepts and tools such as plotting dynamic behaviour patterns (behaviour over-time graphs, BOTGs), causal loops diagrams (CLDs) with reinforcing (R) and balancing (B) feedback loops, system archetypes for constructing models (see for example, Meadows, 2008; Richmond, 1994, 2000; Sterman, 2000).
Figure 1. Tools of systems thinking
Applying these systems thinking tools and concepts students will be able to make connections between disciplines to achieve the intended learning outcomes through integrated learning and problem-solving skills.
Purpose and System/Problem Boundary Identification
- Purpose: In liberal arts, the purpose is to develop well-rounded individuals with critical thinking, problem-solving, and ethical reasoning skills. Systems thinking helps students understand the broader purpose of their education and how different disciplines interconnect.
- System or Problem Boundary Identification: This involves defining what is included within the system and what is excluded. In liberal arts, this helps students delineate the scope of their studies and understand the limits of their knowledge.
Causation and Feedback Loops
- Causation: Understanding cause-and-effect relationships is crucial in liberal arts. Systems thinking helps students analyze how different factors influence each other within a system.
- Feedback loops: This involves recognizing how outputs of a system can loop back as inputs, influencing future behavior. In liberal arts, this principle helps students understand dynamic interactions and long-term consequences of actions.
Validity Criteria and Experiment Design for Validity
- Validity Criteria: Establishing criteria to assess the validity of information and arguments is essential in liberal arts. Systems thinking provides tools to evaluate the reliability and relevance of data.
- Experiment Design for Validity: Designing experiments or studies to test hypotheses and validate theories is a key skill. Systems thinking helps students create robust experimental designs to identify the policy levers that account for complex variables.
Policy Space and Experiment Design for Policy
- Policy Space: This involves exploring different policy options and their potential impacts. In liberal arts, students learn to consider various perspectives and the broader implications of policies.
- Experiment Design for Policy: Designing experiments to test policy interventions helps students understand the practical applications of their studies. Systems thinking aids in creating comprehensive policy experiments that consider multiple factors.
Integration of Systems Approach and Learner-Centered Teaching
Learner-centered teaching, as outlined by Weimer (Weimer 2010, 2013), fundamentally transforms the traditional classroom into dynamic, placing students at the heart of their educational journey. This approach not only involves students in the intricate process of learning but also empowers them to take charge of their educational experiences. By fostering reflection, collaboration, and explicit skill development, learner-centered teaching equips students with critical thinking and problem-solving skills essential for lifelong learning and success. When this approach is harmoniously integrated with essential pedagogical actions for engaging in activities that require independent work or collaboration, students have the chance to discover their preferred learning methods, solve problems, and explore concepts on their own or with peers. Thus, this holistic approach empowers learners to become active, self-directed participants in their educational journey, preparing them for the challenges of the modern world (Blumberg, 2019).
Liberal arts education faces several challenges, including the need to stay relevant in a rapidly changing world and to equip students with skills that are applicable across various fields. Integrating systems thinking and learning-centered teaching can address these challenges by making education more dynamic, interactive, and applicable to real-life situations (Forrester, 2016). For example, a history course might use systems thinking to analyze historical events within broader social, economic, and political contexts, while employing learning-centered techniques to encourage students to draw parallels with contemporary issues. Integrating systems thinking into liberal arts education can be achieved through various learner-centered strategies:
- Interdisciplinary Courses: Designing courses that explicitly incorporate systems thinking and draw on multiple disciplines can help students see the connections between different fields of study.
- Project-Based Learning: Encouraging students to work on projects that require interdisciplinary collaboration and systems thinking can enhance their problem-solving skills and real-world application of knowledge.
- Collaborative Learning Environments: Creating learning environments that promote collaboration and dialogue among students from diverse academic backgrounds can foster a culture of interdisciplinary learning.
In conclusion, teaching in a liberal arts classroom, learner-centered environments empower students to build their own understanding by drawing on their prior knowledge, beliefs, and cultural practices. By incorporating systems thinking into the design and implementation of liberal arts curriculum and interdisciplinary course content, institutions can further enhance students’ holistic thinking and creative problem-solving skills.
Dr. Bellam Sreenivasulu earned his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the National University of Singapore. He has taught at NUS, SUTD, and MDIS, and co-taught with MIT faculty at SUTD in Singapore. Currently, he is a Senior Lecturer at Residential College 4, NUS. He specializes in Systems Thinking and System Dynamics (ST&SD) education, focusing on energy systems, sustainable energy production, energy supply and demand, energy security, and carbon emissions. He also teaches a course on sleep health using systems approach. Passionate about interdisciplinary and learner-centered teaching and research.
References
Blumberg, P. (2019). Making learning-centered teaching work: Practical strategies for implementation (2nd ed.) Stylus.
Barker, C.M. (2000). Liberal Arts Education for a Global Society. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York.
Forrester, J. W. (2016). Learning through System Dynamics as Preparation for the 21st Century. System Dynamics Review, 32, 187−203
Meadows, D. (2008). Thinking in Systems: A Primer (Chelsea Green Publishing, Hartford, VT).
Richmond, B. (2000). The “Thinking” in Systems Thinking: Seven Essential Skills (Pegasus Communications, Waltham, MA).
Weimer, M. (2010). Inspired college teaching. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Weimer, M. (2013). Learner-centered teaching: Five key changes to practice (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.