Category: policy & research

  • State Funding for Short-Term Credentials Ramps Up

    State Funding for Short-Term Credentials Ramps Up

    Title: A 2024 Update of State Investments in Short-Term Credential Pathways

    Author: Stephanie M. Murphy

    Source: HCM Strategists

    The higher education landscape continues to evolve rapidly as more and more students prioritize short-term credentials, also known as micro-credentials and non-degree credentials. There is increased demand for these valuable credentials, which can improve individuals’ career prospects and meet the changing needs of the modern economy and job market.

    Despite a massive proliferation in funding for short-term credentials, there has been a lack of systematic cataloging or analysis of state investments in short-term credentials. HCM Strategists, through funding from the Lumina Foundation, conducted an in-depth examination of all 50 states to establish the first comprehensive classification system of state funding for short-term credential programs. The October 2024 report is an update of HCM Strategists’ 2023 typology and policy landscape analysis of short-term credentials.

    Key findings are summarized below:

    Total state investments in short-term credentials exceed $5.6 billion across 69 initiatives in 31 states.

    • This represents an increase from 2023, when there were 59 state-led programs with nearly $4 billion in funding.
    • Across programs, a majority of state funding for short-term credentials has gone toward students, for financial aid, and institutions, for capacity building and student supports and aid).

    Since 2023, 10 new short-term credential initiatives have launched in eight states, increasing total investments by roughly $1.8 billion.

    • As an example, Alabama established its Short-Term Credential Scholarship Program during the 2025 fiscal year with a $1 million appropriation. This initiative reimburses Alabama residents for up to $4,500 in for expenses such as tuition, fees, and materials as they seek short-term credentials aligned with workforce demands.
    • In Colorado, HB24-1340, signed into law in May 2024, created a tax credit for low- and middle-income residents enrolled at public colleges and universities. This initiative provides full reimbursement of tuition and fees for eligible recent high school graduates, improving access to short-term credentials.
    • West Virginia’s Credential WV micro-credential initiative was created in October 2024 to help workers and students gain targeted credentials to meet new labor market demands in the state. This program will roll out over three years, with institutions identifying resources to create workforce-aligned micro-credentials and standardizing the process for awarding credit for prior learning.

    Short-term and non-degree credentials are becoming an increasingly central piece of the education landscape in the United States. And while 31 states have invested more than $5.6 billion across 69 initiatives to make workforce training more accessible, research remains limited on the outcomes and long-term labor market value of these credentials. The large financial investments that states and institutions of higher education are making into short-term credential pathways reflect the growing recognition of the value of immediate upskilling in today’s labor market.

    To read the full report from HCM Strategists, click here.

    —Austin Freeman

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  • For Adult Learners, College Means More Than Just Jobs and Wages

    For Adult Learners, College Means More Than Just Jobs and Wages

    Title: Multiple Meanings of College: How Adult Learners Make Sense of Postsecondary Education & Why It Matters

    Authors: Melanie Shimano and Becky Klein-Collins

    Source: Council for Adult and Experiential Learning, Stanford Pathways Network, and Strada Education Foundation

    When adults decide to go back to college, some people assume their motivations are purely economic—to get a better job, make more money, or move up the corporate ladder. However, a new study by Council for Adult and Experiential Learning, Stanford Pathways Network, and Strada Education Foundation challenges this narrow view. Researchers interviewed 120 adult learners and found that they have many different reasons for wanting a college degree.

    While most people said they wanted to advance their careers and make more money, they also had personal reasons that were just as important. For example, they want to:

    • Set a positive example for their children
    • Push back against racism and discrimination through educational attainment
    • Gain skills to better serve their communities
    • Fulfill a lifelong ambition and gain a sense of achievement
    • Grow as individuals by developing new capabilities and identities

    The people interviewed said support from their schools, employers, coworkers, friends, and family was key to their success. Programs designed for adults, caring advisers, and supportive loved ones made it easier to juggle school, work, and life. When asked if college was “worth it,” many said yes because of what they learned, how it helped their careers, and the personal goals they achieved. But some who took on a lot of debt or felt they weren’t learning enough had doubts.

    To serve adult students well, institutions should consider all the reasons they go back to school. Here are some key recommendations from the report:

    • Craft recruitment messages that resonate with a range of motivations beyond just economic benefits
    • Explicitly recognize and celebrate personal, familial, and civic goals in advising
    • Provide college credit for completion of alternative credentials to leverage the symbolic power of a college degree
    • Assess student success comprehensively, incorporating metrics like community involvement in addition to earnings

    While there is growing enthusiasm for alternative educational pathways, adult learners remind us that a college degree still holds significant value for Americans in many ways. As institutions work to create more paths to success, it is crucial to understand and build upon the multifaceted meaning of college for adult learners.

    Click here to read the full report.

    —Alex Zhao

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  • Supporting Students Formerly in Foster Care

    Supporting Students Formerly in Foster Care

    Title: Addressing Challenges and Support for Youth Formerly in Foster Care

    Author: Ellie Taylor

    Source: Trellis Strategies

    Youth formerly in foster care (YFFC) face complex and heightened demands with regard to postsecondary education. In a new brief from Trellis Strategies, the author discusses the distinct needs of YFFC who pursue higher education.

    Trellis Strategies’ 2023 Student Financial Wellness Survey found that YFFC have considerably lower levels of food security compared to their peers, while the share of housing insecure YFFC students is 28 percentage points higher than that of non-YFFC students. Additionally, more than seven in 10 YFFC students did not know if their institutions had aid programs for them.

    Most institutions do not have a means of identifying YFFC if they do not first identify themselves, complicating their ability to help students. However, less than 40 percent of students who indicated their YFFC status on their FAFSA reported receiving more funding. While 18 percent of students knew about institutional aid opportunities and 25 percent knew about state aid opportunities, 63 and 54 percent of students who were aware of these programs, respectively, participated in them.

    The report highlights four key policy recommendations:

    • Fund and appoint liaisons for YFFC. Institutions should have a full-time staff member dedicated to supporting YFFC students.
    • Cultivate more awareness of support for students. Develop and sustain communication between higher education institutions and foster programs in order to build a robust awareness of resources for YFFC students and identify YFFC students.
    • Develop accessible programs for YFFC. Make programs, including trauma-informed counseling and academic support, convenient and free for YFFC.
    • Offer food and housing assistance. Designate specific housing for YFFC and provide aid to ease the financial burden of housing and food.

    Read the full report here.

    —Kara Seidel

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  • Troubled FAFSA Rollout Linked to Sharp Decline in First-Year College Enrollment

    Troubled FAFSA Rollout Linked to Sharp Decline in First-Year College Enrollment

    Title: Fewer Freshmen Enrolled in College This Year Following Troubling FAFSA Cycle

    Author: Katharine Meyer

    Source: Brookings Institution, National Student Clearinghouse Research Center

    The rollout of the new FAFSA form last year triggered cascading consequences across the higher education community. The launch was delayed, customer calls remained unanswered, and the number of filings decreased by about three percent. As the form’s issues compounded, experts predicted that the fumbled rollout would likely negatively impact the higher education sector across several metrics, particularly new student enrollment.

    The National Student Clearinghouse Research Center collected data at the beginning of the academic year to begin painting the updated enrollment picture and will follow up with final enrollment numbers for the 2024-25 academic year. The Brookings Institution analyzed the preliminary data and observed large declines in FAFSA filings, followed by a decrease in first-year enrollment.

    Across all institutions, first-year enrollment is down 5.8 percent among 18-year-olds and 8.6 percent among 19-20-year-olds. At public four-year institutions, first-year enrollment declined 8.5 percent, and it declined 6.5 percent at private four-year institutions. White freshman enrollment declined the most (11.4 percent), followed by multiracial (6.6 percent) and Black (6.1 percent) first-year student enrollment. Enrollment at HBCUs, however, increased 5.9 percent from last year and has cumulatively increased 12.6 percent since fall 2022.

    First-year enrollment at four-year schools declined across all levels of Pell Grant recipience. Institutions that experienced the largest declines in first-year enrollment, though, were public and private four-year institutions with the highest shares of students receiving Pell Grants (-10.4 and -10.7 percent, respectively). First-year enrollment at four-year colleges is also down across all levels of selectivity, with the largest decline occurring at very competitive public four-year institutions (-10.8 percent), followed by competitive public four-year institutions (-10.3 percent).

    Despite declines in first-year enrollment, total college enrollment increased three percent, due in part to a 4.7 percent increase in community college enrollment. Interestingly, this increase occurred at certain types of two-year institutions but not all of them. At colleges that predominantly award associate degrees and some bachelor’s degrees, freshman enrollment increased 2.2 percent, and at two-year institutions that enroll a higher proportion of low-income students, first-year enrollment increased 1.2 percent. At community colleges only awarding associate degrees, however, enrollment decreased by 1.1 percent.

    The author notes these insights come with caveats; many factors have contributed to enrollment decline over the last decade, notably falling public confidence in higher education and the ever-growing cost of attending college. The sharp decline in first-year enrollment, however, correlates with the troubled FAFSA launch. Continuing to collect data over time will provide more insight into the implications of recent disruptions to enrollment trends, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic and the FAFSA rollout. The 2025-26 FAFSA form will be available this December, and its functionality will determine the gravity of the past year’s enrollment decline.

    To view the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center data dashboard, click here. To read the Brookings Institution analysis, click here.

    —Erica Swirsky

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  • Prioritizing Mental Health Support in Community Colleges: Key Data from 2023

    Prioritizing Mental Health Support in Community Colleges: Key Data from 2023

    Title: Supporting Minds, Supporting Learners: Addressing Student Mental Health to Advance Academic Success

    Source: Center for Community College Student Engagement

    The 2023 Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE) and Survey of Entering Student Engagement (SENSE) gathered essential data to guide community colleges in supporting student mental health and well-being. The surveys collected responses from 61,085 students at 149 community colleges in spring 2023 and 13,950 students at 61 community colleges in fall 2023, respectively.

    Key findings include:

    • Mental health concerns are prevalent among CCSSE and SENSE respondents. In the two weeks before taking the survey, half of CCSSE students and 47 percent of SENSE students reported feeling down, depressed, or hopeless for at least several days. Additionally, 66 percent of students in both groups felt nervous, anxious, or on edge for at least several days.
    • Approximately 26 percent of CCSSE respondents and 23 percent of SENSE respondents likely have a depressive disorder. Over half (53 percent) of students who identify with a gender identity other than man or woman have a probable depressive disorder, compared with 28 percent of women and 25 percent of men. Traditional college-age students (31 percent) and those with a GPA of C or lower (39 percent) are more likely to have a depressive disorder, compared with 19 percent of nontraditional-age students and 23 percent of students with a GPA of B or higher.
    • Overall, 32 percent of CCSSE respondents and 29 percent of SENSE respondents likely have generalized anxiety disorder. Among CCSSE students, 62 percent of those identifying with another gender likely have an anxiety disorder, in contrast to 36 percent of female and 25 percent of male students. Students identifying with two or more races saw the highest levels of generalized anxiety disorder, at 36 percent. Among SENSE respondents, traditional-age students were more likely to have generalized anxiety disorder, at 30 percent, compared to 23 percent of nontraditional-age students.
    • Over half of CCSSE respondents (56 percent) reported that emotional or mental health challenges affected their academic performance in the previous four weeks. 30 percent noted these issues impacted their performance for three or more days. Nearly two-thirds of women (63 percent) and almost half of men (47 percent) reported performance declines due to mental health issues, while 85 percent of students identifying with another gender faced academic impacts. Lower GPA students were more likely to report that mental health issues affected their academic performance.
    • Students with likely generalized anxiety disorder are twice as likely, and those with a depressive disorder are almost twice as likely, to report academic performance declines due to emotional or mental difficulties compared to students likely without these disorders.
    • 63 percent of students identifying with another gender reported that mental health challenges could lead them to withdraw from classes, compared to 39 percent of women and 29 percent of men. More than half of students with a GPA of C or lower (53 percent) stated they were at least somewhat likely to consider withdrawal due to mental health concerns, in contrast to 33 percent of students with a GPA of B or higher.
    • High percentages of students felt their college prioritizes mental health, yet about three in 10 CCSSE respondents and slightly more SENSE respondents said they wouldn’t know where to seek help if needed. Hispanic or Latino students were most likely among racial/ethnic groups to report not knowing where to turn for mental health support.
    • Over one-third of students with likely depressive or generalized anxiety disorders reported not knowing where to find professional mental health assistance if needed. Among CCSSE respondents who needed mental health support in the past year, 42 percent never sought help, with Hispanic or Latino students and men more likely than other groups to indicate they hadn’t pursued support. Approximately one-third of students with probable depressive or generalized anxiety disorders reported never seeking help.Many students cited limited resources as the main barrier to seeking mental health support. Students, especially traditional-age students and men, also frequently mentioned concerns about others’ perceptions and uncertainty about what kind of help they need.
    • Across all groups, students expressed a strong preference for in-person individual counseling or therapy over teletherapy and other support options.
    • Only 16 percent of CCSSE respondents considered it essential that their mental health provider understands their cultural background. However, students with another gender identity and Black or African American students were more likely to value culturally informed mental health support.

    Check out the full report on the CCSSE website.

    —Nguyen DH Nguyen

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  • Unpacking the Transition to College

    Unpacking the Transition to College

    Title: High School Benchmarks

    Source: National Student Clearinghouse Research Center

    Each year, the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center reports on the transition from high school to college. The latest report finds that as we move further away from the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, policy and practice are reverting to “normalcy,” though there are still lasting inequities in student outcomes.

    Throughout the report, the authors group high school graduates by several metrics to illustrate the nuances of the transition from high school to postsecondary education, using high school characteristics such as poverty level, income level, urbanicity, share of minority students, and enrollment over time, along with college characteristics and student outcomes.

    Key insights include:

    High school income classification changes during COVID-19

    In 2020, the United States Department of Agriculture allowed schools to provide student meals through the Summer Food Service Program rather than the National School Lunch Program (NSLP). The number of students who qualify for NSLP is a key poverty indicator, so this change resulted in fewer schools classified as high-poverty and low-income. When NSLP resumed normal administration in 2023, school poverty levels reverted to pre-COVID-19 distributions.

    Outcomes by high school graduating class

    Rural high schools had the largest increase in immediate enrollment following high school graduation. In 2023, 54.8 percent of graduates from rural high schools enrolled in higher education immediately, a 0.9 percentage point increase from 2022 (53.9 percent).

    Students who graduated from high-minority high schools in 2021 saw their first-to-second year persistence rates increase by 2.9 percentage points over students who graduated in 2020 (77.4 to 80.3 percent). Meanwhile, students from low-minority high schools’ first-to-second year persistence rates increased by 1.7 percentage points (85.2 to 86.9 percent).

    Six-year completion rates among high-poverty high schools rose from the class of 2016 to the class of 2017 (24.5 to 25.1 percent), and completion rates among low-poverty high schools decreased (59.9 to 59.4 percent).

    Outcomes by high school type

    Across high school characteristics, the largest disparities in enrollment, persistence, and completion rates were between high- and low-poverty high schools. High-poverty and low-income high schools had the lowest first-to-second year persistence rates (76.0 and 78.3 percent, respectively), compared with their low-poverty and high-income counterparts (90.7 and 86.7 percent, respectively).

    Disparities between high- and low-income schools widened when looking at schools with a high share of minority students. Whereas 66.5 percent of 2023 high school graduates from low-minority, high-income high schools enrolled in the first fall following graduation, only 52.1 percent of students from high-minority, low-income high schools did the same.

    For the high school class of 2017, six-year postsecondary completion rates varied considerably across high school characteristics. The share of students graduating college within six years who attended low-poverty high schools was 34.3 percentage points higher than the share of students from high-poverty high schools (59.4 compared with 25.1 percent).

    Enrollment by major

    Across several high school characteristics, students from high-poverty, low-income high schools completed degrees in STEM fields at lower rates than students from low-poverty, high-income, low-minority high schools. Whereas 22.5 percent of students from low-poverty high schools completed their STEM degree within six years, only 7.8 percent of students from high-poverty high schools did the same. Moreover, 16.9 percent of students from low-minority high schools received their STEM degree within six years, compared with 10.6 percent of students from high-minority schools.

    Among 2023 high school graduates, students from suburban high schools chose a major in business, management, marketing, and related support at a higher rate than students from rural and urban high schools (13.5 percent compared with 12.1 percent for rural and urban schools).

    To view the data, click click here..

    —Erica Swirsky

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  • Families Use a Variety of Options to Keep Pace with Increasing College Tuition

    Families Use a Variety of Options to Keep Pace with Increasing College Tuition

    Title: Covering the Tuition Bill: How Do Families Pay the Rising Price of College?

    Author: Phillip Levine

    Source: The Brookings Institution

    The increasing costs of attendance at colleges and universities, especially higher “sticker prices,” have attracted attention from both families and policymakers. Although many families are not paying the full sticker prices due to financial aid, today’s families are still facing higher bills for postsecondary education.

    A new analysis from the Brookings Institution examines the different funding sources that families use to pay for four-year nonprofit colleges and how these differ depending on family income. While the findings reflect the different limitations families face based on their incomes, they also suggest that rising net prices mean all households face additional hardships when their children enroll in college.

    Key findings include:

    Middle- and higher-income parents increasingly used their own income and savings.

    • Between 1996 and 2008, payments to colleges from parents’ income and savings jumped by $1,500 to $4,600, depending on the family income and type of institution. These values likely increased again by several thousand from 2008-2020, but specific figures are not available.

    Middle- and higher-income parents have borrowed more.

    • Families with incomes below $50,000 and students attending private institutions saw the highest increases, an average of $1,200, in parents taking out loans from 2008 to 2020.
    • Families with incomes between $50,000 and $100,000 borrowed, on average, $800 more in parent loans for students attending public institutions between 2008 and 2020.
    • Parents were more likely than students to take out education loans, especially between 1996 and 2008 and among middle- and higher-income families.

    Students from lower-income backgrounds worked more.

    • Payments to colleges with funds from student earnings increased among families with incomes under $50,000 from 1996-2008. Student earnings likely also covered the bulk of net price increases for lower-income families between 2008 and 2020.
    • Students from families earning less than $50,000 enrolled at public institutions were six percentage points more likely to work in 2008 compared to in 1996.

    These findings provide reassurance that increased student borrowing is not the primary resource for students to cover increased net prices at four-year colleges. Although the student debt crisis continues to gain attention as overall student loan debt has grown broadly, that increase is largely not occurring at four-year nonprofit institutions.

    However, increased borrowing by parents, especially in middle- and higher-income families, is a trend worthy of more attention. Given that lower-income families may be unable to take on parental loans due to creditworthiness, parental borrowing can contribute to increased inequality as cost may prevent lower-income students from selecting the best school for them or from attending college at all. Middle- and higher-income families can face other significant consequences: If parents deplete their assets or save less, they may not be able to retire until they are older or have decreased retirement income.

    To read the full report, click here.

    —Austin Freeman

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