Tag: Programs

  • Department of Education’s OCR Issues Resource Documents on Title IX Compliance for Athletic Programs – CUPA-HR

    Department of Education’s OCR Issues Resource Documents on Title IX Compliance for Athletic Programs – CUPA-HR

    by CUPA-HR | March 1, 2023

    On February 17, the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued three resource documents on Title IX compliance for school athletic programs. The first resource document covers support for equal opportunity in school athletic programs generally, while the other two cover Title IX and athletic opportunities at K-12 schools and colleges and universities separately.

    According to the OCR, these documents were designed “to help students, parents, coaches, athletic directors and school officials evaluate whether a school is meeting its legal duty to provide equal athletic opportunity regardless of sex,” and they provide examples of situations that may mean a school is not complying with Title IX requirements. The guidance does not make any changes to existing enforcement procedures for the OCR, rather, it is intended to be used by institutions to ensure that their existing protocols and programs are compliant with Title IX.

    Supporting Equal Opportunity in School Athletic Programs

    The first resource document reiterates Title IX’s prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs and activities, including athletic programs, that receive federal funds. It states that Title IX requires schools to effectively accommodate the athletic interests and abilities of their students regardless of sex, and provide equal opportunity in the benefits, opportunities and treatment provided for their athletic teams. It also clarifies that Title IX requires colleges and universities to not discriminate on the basis of sex in the provision of any athletic scholarships or financial assistance to students.

    The resource document included four examples of situations that may surface Title IX concerns at colleges and universities, which are listed below:

    • The men’s teams at a college receives new athletic apparel and gear each year, while the women’s teams must use old apparel and purchase some of their own equipment.
    • Across its entire athletic program, a college awards disproportionately more athletic financial assistance to men than women.
    • A university provides funds for its coaches to recruit athletes for its men’s football and basketball teams because it considers those teams to be “flagship sports.” It provides no funds for coaches to recruit women athletes. As a result, the school has difficulty attracting women to participate in its athletic program.
    • Women are underrepresented in a university’s athletic program compared to their representation in the student body. The university would have to offer 54 additional spots for its women students on existing or new teams for women to have substantially proportionate athletic participation opportunities. Women have expressed an interest in having more teams, and there are women students participating in club sports for which there are no varsity teams. Those club sports include lacrosse, water polo, ice hockey and bowling — all of which have intercollegiate competitions available and are sanctioned by the athletic governing body the university belongs to. Yet, the university has not added a women’s team for many years.

    Title IX and Athletic Opportunities in Colleges and Universities

    The resource document designed specifically for institutions of higher education dives deeper into background information on Title IX, as well as ways that students, coaches, athletic directors and school officials can evaluate a school’s athletic program and whether it’s meeting its legal requirements to provide equal athletic opportunity. With respect to the evaluation, the document guides readers with questions and examples of Title IX compliance with respect to the benefits, opportunities and treatment for men’s and women’s teams; athletic scholarships and financial assistance, and meeting students’ athletics interests and abilities.

    Benefits, Opportunities and Treatment for Men’s and Women’s Teams

    With respect to equivalent benefits, opportunities and treatment for men’s and women’s teams, the resource document lists several questions about an institution’s attempts to provide equal opportunities to both men and women student-athletes. These questions surround the following topics:

    • Equipment and supplies
    • Scheduling games and practice time
    • Travel and daily allowances
    • Coaching
    • Academic tutors
    • Locker rooms, fields, courts and other facilities for practice and competition
    • Medical and training facilities and services
    • Housing and dining services
    • Publicity
    • Recruitment

    The resource document explicitly states that if any of the questions listed under these topics is answered as a “no,” it may indicate a possible Title IX violation.

    Athletic Scholarships and Financial Assistance

    The document also creates questions that may be used to assess a school’s provision of scholarships and athletic financial assistance. The questions help guide users to measure the percentage of women and men participants at their institution and the percentage of scholarship awards provided to women and men, and it lists questions and examples to help compare these percentages. These questions may again point to disparities among programs that could be potential violations of Title IX, but the OCR states that it “will take into account all legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for disparities provided by the school” if there are disparities present between percentages awarded to men’s and women’s programs.

    Meeting Students’ Athletic Interests and Capabilities

    The resource document refers to the “three-part test” that institutions may use to demonstrate that all Title IX legal requirements are being fulfilled. Schools are only required to use one of three options to show compliance with Title IX, which are detailed in the document and briefly listed below:

    • Option 1: Substantial Proportionality — This option looks to whether the percentage of women and men participants on athletic teams are about the same as, or “substantially proportionate” to, the percentage of women and men enrolled as full-time undergraduates at your school.
    • Option 2: History and Continuing Practice — This option looks to whether your school can show it has a history and continuing (i.e. present) practice of expanding its athletic program to respond to the interests and abilities of women, if women have been underrepresented, or if men have been underrepresented.
    • Option 3: Interests and Abilities of Students — This option asks whether your school can show that — despite the disproportionality — it is otherwise meeting the interests and abilities of the underrepresented sex.

    The resource document states that following longstanding practice for showing Title IX compliance — if an institution is unable to use any of the three options to show compliance with Title IX — may not be meeting legal requirements to provide equal opportunity to participate in athletics based on sex under Title IX.

    Options for Filing Complaints for Title IX Violations

    Both the general support and higher education-specific documents end their guidance with ways in which students, parents, employees and others in the school community may file Title IX complaints through their school’s grievance procedures if they believe their institution is not providing equal athletic opportunity based on sex. The documents first turn readers to their institution’s Title IX coordinator, but also provides the option to file a complaint online with the OCR. It also clarifies that anyone is able to file complaints with the OCR, which may include individuals outside of the school community.

    CUPA-HR will continue to monitor for any updates to Title IX compliance and will keep members apprised of any updates with respect to Title IX law and regulations.



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  • CLASS BIAS AND RANDOM THINGS LAW REVIEW: Draft Excerpt from “In the Company of Thieves:” Foreign Programs

    CLASS BIAS AND RANDOM THINGS LAW REVIEW: Draft Excerpt from “In the Company of Thieves:” Foreign Programs

     

     

    Foreign
    Programs

    One
    way mid and lower level law schools compete with each other is by offering
    foreign opportunities. In some cases the students can spend a semester studying
    at a law school in France or Italy or Germany. They get a semester worth of
    credit for traveling and drinking for 3 months. These are programs for the well
    to do, of course because there are airfares, apartments to rent, etc. Nevertheless, they can be rewarding and informative.

    On the other hand, summer abroad programs are a bit of a scam. These are essentially law schools acting as
    travel agencies. The idea is that a couple of professors travel to Paris,
    London, Rome or where ever and take 15 or twenty students with them. Then the
    students hang out with each other, drink, travel, and spend a modest amount of
    time in the classroom.  They, of course,
    pay extra for this and that extra is what covers the housing and expenses of
    their teachers. In short, the students subsidize the summer vacation of the
    profs and they, in turn, get academic credit. Their actual emersion in local
    culture is kept to a minimum as they search out the closest McDonalds.

    Now
    that you know the background, you should know that one of the committees I am
    chair of is the “Programs Committee”.  A
    summer program has to be OKed by the programs committee and then voted on by
    the faculty. Very often it is a fait accompli. For example, one year at a mid summer faculty meeting 17 members
    of the 60 person faculty voted by 9 to 8 to have a summer program in France.
    Unusually only 2 faculty can go at a time but most deans also feel it is their duty to stop by, at the school’s expense, for a few days. And sometimes,
    someone from the Programs Committee is also “obligated to go.” In the case of
    the France program all 9 yes voters went at some point over the next three
    years although at times the enrollment dwindled to 12 which was not enough to
    cover their expenses.

    Here
    is the proposal the Programs Committee considered last October for
    implementation next summer. I’ve inserted some information in brackets to help
    you understand:

    Re: Summer Program in Italy

    Date: February 12, 2007

    Supreme Senior Vice President of
    Foreign Programs, Hugo Valencia and I [Chadsworth Feldman] are happy to propose
    a new study abroad opportunity for our students. The details are as follows:

    A. Location:

    Three weeks in Rome, three weeks in
    Florence.

    B. Expected enrollment and student
    costs.

    For the first year, expected
    enrollment is 30 but the actual enrollment can exceed this. The program has no
    upper limit on enrollment. The initial tuition is $3,000 per student. This
    includes all housing and transportation, to the extent those are necessary.

    C. Need and
    Opportunities

    This program will complement our
    other excellent foreign study opportunities. Many of our students have
    expressed a desire to study in Italy and to learn Italian law. Many of our
    colleagues have connections with scholars in Italy and would gain a great deal
    with respect to their work in comparative law. It is critical that we have a
    presence in Italy.

    Several members of our faculty will
    be invited to travel to Rome or Florence to serve as guest lecturers and to
    attend graduation ceremonies at the end of the term.

    D. Staffing.

    Professor Feldman is the Director of
    the Program and will go each year. In addition to the director, one other full
    time professor will travel to the site. Two assistants will accompany the
    professors. These will be the spouses of the professors as long as they accept
    no salary. Of course, all their expenses will be paid.  After the initial year, it is anticipated
    that the position of professor will be circulated among the faculty.

    E. Students Activities

    Students will earn six credit hours.
    In addition, they will be taken on several tours of important Italian sites.

    F. Budget:

    Airfare for Professors and
    assistants: $10,000

    Housing: $80,000

    G. Impact

    This program will put us in the first
    tier of foreign program offering schools. The net cost to the School, other
    than trips of guest lecturers, is zero. The two professors involved will be
    paid the usual stipend for summer teaching.

                Nothing seemed unusual about the program although
    everyone knew it was the usual faculty boondoggle. The Committee approved it
    and then then faculty. Then things started to unravel. By December several
    students had put down their deposits.  Over the next few months some issues came
    to light. Two stood out. One was that Hugo and Chad, with spouses, had already,
    with the Dean’s permission and on the law school’s dime, spend 10 days in Italy
    scouting out, as they put it, suitable restaurants, clubs, spas, and coastal
    areas for the program. Ok, it’s like what we call in the trade convercationing.
    That is you are paid for a business trip but you are really taking a vacation
    while checking off the boxes to make it seem like business.

    The
    second matter had to do with the budget. Usually there is a host institution
    that provides a  low fee some classroom
    space.  My curiosity piqued, I asked Chad
    about this. He seemed a little sheepish but something you never do as a law
    professor is show weakness or admit wrongdoing. His answer. “That is the beauty
    of the Program. It will all be conducted by Zoom with the students staying at
    home. Hugo and I will Zoom not just classroom activities but dining out,
    clubbing, sight seeing, the works. It will be exactly like they are there.” He
    went on. “I am sure it will be appealing to the students since they can stay in
    the comfort of their homes and not worry about finding housing, eating in
    strange places where no one understands a word they are saying.” Finally, “If
    there are technological problems we will send them postcards.”

    I
    was reeling from this revelation when I got back to my office. None of this was
    revealed when the programs committee met or at the faculty meeting. Everyone
    was too busy, I suppose, booking passage to Italy for some year in the future.
    When I got back to my office, there was a phone message to call Linda James. I
    knew I had a student in my class named Tom James but I did not make the
    connection. I called and she told me that she had tried to reach Professor
    Feldman but he was not in. The secretary had directed her to me since I was
    chair of the programs committee and she had a question about the program since
    her son James was going. She started by saying how excited James was and how she
    and her husband planned to meet James for the portion of the course in Rome.

    Her
    question was what types of things should James bring – clothing, dressy or not,
    extra notebooks, computer, and so on. I lied, I told her that I did not know. I
    did chair the committee that had approved the program but that she needed to
    talk to Professor Feldman. I assumed she did eventually because I the next day
    I received the following email from Chad:

    Today Tom James’ mother called and asked what sort of
    things he should bring from his summer in Italy. I told her that the students
    were not actually going to Italy. She asked what the $3000 is for and I said
    “expenses.” Then she pressed me and asked about the $80,000 for
    faculty. I told her that was the going rate for appropriate housing for the
    Professors and any guest lecturers who might join us. She seemed miffed about
    no students going. Isn’t that just perfect!!! You try to do something for the
    students and you get in hot water for it.

    Later the same day:

     

    So far two more  sets of parents have contacted me. It seems to
    have come as a surprise to them that the Summer Program in Italy does not
    involve their dear children actually traveling to Italy. Hugo and I designed
    the whole program on the theory that he and I and our spouses would go to Italy
    and show the lectures and sights by Zoom (or postcard). We would do the heavy
    lifting and the students would have time to study. Do they not get it.

                 In any case the
    “program” ran for one summer only.  The
    revenue did not begin to cover the expenses which the law school ended up
    eating. I suppose it was a success because I received the following email from
    Chad:

    Here is the great news. I am writing from Rome. Yes,
    the summer program is in tact and Hugo, Marvel, Caroline and I are here working
    hard for the students. It is true we are down to 5 students and it is true that
    those five did not actually make the trip to Italy but we are working hard.

    As you know, some of the students were upset that the
    Summer in Italy program did not actually mean they were going to Italy — only
    the professors. Some parents were quite rude and the initial enrollment dwindled
    to 5. Good riddance I say. Those students obviously were not cut out for
    foreign travel. The Law School decided we had to operate the program anyway
    because the American Association of Law Schools had already purchased 30
    tickets for a team to come and inspect the program.

    We are doing our best for the five students. Each week
    we send a postcard with some interesting fact about Italian law. In the
    interest of giving the students what they want, we have decided not to
    administer a final exam.

    As for me, being a dedicated teacher of young people
    is its own reward.

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