Classroom discussions are among the most enriching aspects of higher education, offering students opportunities to engage with peers, deepen their understanding of course material, and draw meaningful connections between concepts. For instructors, these discussions serve as a powerful tool to foster collaboration, assess comprehension, and create a more dynamic and inclusive learning environment. Yet, leading effective discussions can be challenging, especially when students are hesitant to participate or when conversations lack depth and substance.
The field of health coaching—where communication is central to guiding clients toward greater self-awareness and behavior change—offers a valuable framework for enhancing classroom dialogue. Health coaching is a collaborative process that relies on intentional and empathetic communication to help clients explore their motivations, clarify their goals, and take ownership of their progress. By applying key communication strategies from this field, educators can elevate the quality of classroom discussions and create more meaningful interactions with students. This article explores how three core techniques from health coaching — the OARS framework (open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summarization), rephrasing, and active listening — can be adapted to the classroom to facilitate deeper, more personally relevant conversations.
The OARS Framework
First and foremost, good discussions begin with good questions. Consider the principles contained in the acronym “OARS” to shape the way you formulate questions and listen to responses, facilitating more interactive and less directive discussions.
O: Open-ended questions: Ask questions that require more than discrete responses. Avoid questions that can be answered with “yes,” “no,” or a number. Instead of asking “Are people motivated solely by monetary incentives?”, consider asking: “Tell us about your sources of motivation,” “Why might people not be motivated when provided an incentive?” and “What, in your experience, have you seen motivate your peers to…?” When used effectively, open-ended questions encourage students to think more deeply and progress in their understanding. They can even prompt students to introduce classroom topics without the instructor ever having to explicitly steer the discussion in a particular direction.
A: Affirmations: Don’t hesitate to provide positive statements that acknowledge a student’s contribution. Affirmations foster respect and support an inclusive teaching climate; however, the affirmations must be genuine and authentic. Students notice when the instructor simply says “Great comment” or “Good question” to a majority of students’ responses. Remember, this isn’t an interrogation but a dialogue. Consider the potential impact of statements like: “Sara, thanks for volunteering to share your thoughts about applications of aerobic energy production in exercise programming,” or “Javier, I really appreciate how your comments reflect Van Gogh’s perspective on his use of sunflowers in his paintings.”
RS: Reflective Listening and Summarization: Reflective listening occurs when the instructor reflects back to the student the core elements of their contribution to the discussion. Reflective listening provides an excellent opportunity for the instructor to confirm their understanding of the student’s comments, as well as directing the conversation forward. In this step in the OARS framework, it may be appropriate to ask either a yes/no or an open-ended question. For example, “John, you’re saying personal accomplishment can be a powerful motivator among mountain athletes, is that right?” or “It seems like something is missing in our understanding of what happens when we introduce financial incentive to these groups. What do you think would happen if…?” When applied to the discussion as a whole, a summary of the main points made from the instructor’s perspective can be a great way to remind students of key points, reinforce the instructor’s informal assessment of student learning, as well as introduce the next topic or item in the lesson plan of the day.
Application Moment: Consider how you might have applied these principles of the OARS framework to a recent group discussion you led in class.
While the OARS framework provides an excellent guideline for how an instructor can improve the overall quality discussions, the following two techniques will provide concrete recommendations on what to say and how to act during the discussion.
Rephrasing
Remember the importance of good questions for good discussions? To take things one step further, consider the technique of rephrasing. To encourage deeper topic exploration, consider restructuring questions by replacing the intended question word (e.g., “who,” “what,” “when,” “where,” “why,” or “how”) with a different one. For example, an instructor may want to ask, “How can we increase motivation?” and might rephrase that question as, “What factors increase motivation?” or “Where do you feel the most/least motivated?” or “Who demonstrates the most/least motivation?” or “Why does motivation ebb and flow?” or “When are you most/least motivated?” By changing the question word, the instructor can steer the discussion to change how students think about the question, perhaps eliciting a list of possible outcomes (e.g. “What are the factors?”) or explore possible mechanisms/antecedents (e.g., “Why might motivation decline in competitive settings?”) or to help the students develop their ability to embody or conceptualize new perspectives (e.g. “How do financial incentives impact different groups or individuals? John, you represent a group of…”). This can provide depth to the conversation, encourage creativity and application of concepts in discussion, and allows for the exploration of a variety of interesting tangents.
Application Moment: Write down a discussion question from your last class instruction. Rephrase the question using each of the common question words (“who”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “why”, “how”). Consider the types of responses each question word will elicit.
Active Listening
Last, but not least, active listening: Often, instructors forget that when a question is asked, a response is on the way. It can be surprisingly difficult to fully engage with student responses, as it requires the instructor to focus on what the student is saying rather than on what they will say next. The instructor’s first job is to focus on what students are saying rather than their (the instructor’s) response. The following strategies promote active listening in the classroom during discussions:
- Provide adequate time for student responses.
- Don’t be afraid of silence. Silence provides you and your students time to think.
- Call on students by their first name when you engage with them.
- Get out from behind your lectern and casually move toward the student who is speaking.
- Nod and use affirmations (e.g., nodding or stating “nice insight, Paul”).
- Paraphrase when appropriate (“What I hear you saying, Paul, is that….”) – see “rephrasing/summarization” under the OARS framework.
Fostering meaningful classroom discussions is both an art and a skill—one that can be significantly enhanced by drawing on the principles of communication in health coaching. By integrating techniques such as the OARS framework, rephrasing, and active listening, instructors can create more engaging, inclusive, and thought-provoking learning environments. These strategies not only encourage deeper student participation but also help build a classroom culture rooted in empathy, curiosity, and mutual respect. As higher education continues to evolve, integrating communication practices from other disciplines can be a powerful means of enriching the educational experience and enhancing student learning.
Maria Newton, PhD, F-AASP, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Health and Kinesiology at the University of Utah. She holds a BA from the University of California, Davis, an MS from California State University, Chico, and a PhD from Purdue University, with specialized training in sport and exercise motivation. Dr. Newton’s research focuses on achievement motivation, specifically how perceptions of the climate influence motivational striving. Her most recent contributions to the literature have focused on how creating a caring and task-involving climate fosters motivation. With over 30 years of experience in higher education, Dr. Newton brings extensive expertise in teaching a variety of courses in diverse formats. Recognized with numerous teaching awards, she is deeply committed to cultivating an inclusive and intellectually stimulating climate that inspires learning and personal growth.
Jefferson Brewer, MS, CSCS, ACSM EP, is an Associate Instructor in the Department of Health and Kinesiology at the University of Utah. He holds a BS in Kinesiology with an emphasis in Exercise Science and an MS in Kinesiology focused on Health and Wellness Coaching, both from the University of Utah. He is currently completing his dissertation for a PhD in Integrated Health Science at Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions. Jefferson’s research centers on metabolism in rock climbers—examining both systemic and localized muscular responses. Before transitioning into academia, he worked in patient care, applying his coaching background and exercise science expertise to improve health outcomes. His experience has shaped a teaching style grounded in interpersonal communication, creating engaging and dynamic learning environments that foster growth, curiosity, and academic success.